Ray tracing is the process of identifying the color of all the pixels on a 2D screen by emitting rays from all the pixels, simulating how light travels in real life. This article covers the math for ray generation from each pixel for both orthographic and perspective cameras.

In computer graphics, 3D objects created in an abstract 3D world will eventually need to be displayed on a screen. To view these objects on a 2D plane like a screen, objects will need to be projected from the 3D space to the 2D plane with a transformation matrix. In this article, I cover two types of transformations: orthographic projection and perspective projection, and analyze the math behind the transformation matrices.

Perspective projection is a fundamental projection technique that transforms objects in a higher dimension to a lower dimension. This transformation is usually used for objects in a 3D world to be rendered into a screen (a 2D surface). In the transformation, these objects give the realistic impression of depth. This article covers the math behind it and how to generate the transformation matrix to achieve the transformation.